References

Clark M, Krimmel G. Lymphoedema and the construction and classification of compression hosiery. Lymphoedema Framework. Template for Practice: compression hosiery in lymphoedema.London: MEP Ltd; 2006

Muldoon J, Charles H. Clinical effectiveness and patient considerations in oedema management. J Lymphoedema. 2013; 8:(1)51-55

Häfner HM, Jünger M. The Haemodynamic efficacy of six different compression stock-ings from compression class 2 in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2000; 15:(3-4)126-130 https://doi.org/10.1177/026835550001500308

Neumann MH. Elasticity, hysteresis and stiffness: the magic triangle. Veins Lymphatics. 2013; 2:(e6)17-18

Van der Wegen-Franken Muldert P, Tank B, Neumann HAM. Variation in the dynamic stiff-ness index of different types of medical elastic compression stockings. Phlebology. 2008; 23:(2)77-84 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2007.006018

Partsch H, Schuren J, Mosti G, Benigni JP. The Static Stiffness Index: an important parameter to characterise compression therapy in vivo. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:S4-S10 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.Sup9.S4

Mosti G. Stiffness of compression devices. Veins and Lymphatics. 2013; 2:(1)1-2 https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2013.e1

Hirai M, Koyama A, Miyazaki K Interface pressure and stiffness in different combinations of compression material. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2012; 27:(2)82-89 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2011.011010

Hirai M, Iwata H, Ishibashi H Interface pressure and stiffness of various elastic stockings during posture changes and exercise. Vascular. 2008; 16:(2)95-100 https://doi.org/10.2310/6670.2008.00020

Hirai M, Niimi K, Iwata H A comparison of interface pressure and stiffness between elastic stockings and bandages. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2009; 24:(3)120-124 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2008.008057

Hirai M, Niimi K, Iwata H Comparison of stiffness and interface pressure during rest and exercise among various arm sleeves. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2010; 25:(4)196-200 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2009.009064

Cornu-Thenard A, Benigni JP, Uhl JF. Terminolgy: resistance or stiffness for medical compression stockings?. Veins and Lymphatics. 2013; 2:(4)11-12

van Geest AJ, Veraart JC, Nelemans P, Neumann HA. The effect of medical elastic compression stockings with different slope values on edema. Measurements underneath three different types of stockings. Dermatol Surg. 2000; 26:(3)244-247 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2000.09200.x

Ratliff CR, Yates S, McNichol L, Gray M. Compression for the primary prevention, treatment and prevention of recurrence of venous leg ulcers. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2016; 43:(4)347-364 https://doi.org/10.1097/WON.0000000000000242

O'Donnell TF, Passman MA, Marston WA Society for Vascular Surgery; American Venous Forum. Management of venous leg ulcers: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery® and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2014; 60:3S-59S https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.04.049

Best Practice for the management of lymphoedema. International consensus.London: MEP Ltd; 2006

Stout N, Partsch H, Szolnoky G Chronic edema of the lower extremities: international consensus recommendations for compression therapy clinical research trials. Int Angiol. 2012; 31:(4)316-329

O'Meara S, Cullum N, Nelson EA, Dumville JC. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000265.pub3

Partsch H, Junger M. Evidence for the use of compression hosiery in lymphoedema. Lymphoedema Framework. Template for Practice: compression hosiery in lymphoedema.London: MEP Ltd; 2006

van der Wegen-Franken CP, Mulder P, Tank B, Neumann H A M. Variation in the dynamic stiffness index of different types of medical elastic compression stockings. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2008; 23:(2)77-84 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2007.006018

Rabe E, Partsch H, Hafner J Indications for medical compression stockings in venous and lymphatic disorders: An evidence-based consensus statement. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2018; 33:(3)163-184 https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355516689631

Framework L. Best practice for the management of lymphoedema. International consensus.London: MEP Ltd; 2006

EWMA Position Document - Understanding Compression Therapy 2003.

Partsch H, Flour M, Smith PC Indications for compression therapy in venous and lymphatic disease consensus based on experimental data and scientific evidence. Under the auspices of the IUP. Int Angiol. 2008; 27:(3)193-219

Partsch H, Mortimer P. Compression for leg wounds. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173:(2)359-369 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13851

Partsch H, Moffatt C. An overview of the science behind compression bandaging for lymphoedema and chronic oedema. Compression therapy: A position document on com-pression bandaging. International Lymphedema Framework in association with the World Alliance for Wound and Lymphoedema Care. 2012; 12-22

Focus Document: Lymphoedema bandage in practice.London: MEP Ltd; 2005

Olszewski WL, Engeset A. Intrinsic contractility of prenodal lymph vessels and lymph flow in human leg. Am J Physiol. 1980; 239:(6)H775-H783

Mosti G, Mattaliano V, Partsch H. Influence of different materials in multicomponent bandages on pressure and stiffness of the final bandage. Dermatol Surg. 2008; 34:(5)631-639

Harding K Simplifying venous leg ulcer management. Consensus recommendations.: Wounds International; 2015

Alavi A, Sibbald RG, Phillips TJ What's new: Management of venous leg ulcers. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016; 74:(4)643-664 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.059

Casey S, George J. An Introduction to Compression Therapy. Northeast Florida Medicine. 2012; 63:(2)39-41

Harding K Simplifying venous leg ulcer management. Consensus recommendations.: Wounds International; 2015

Hirai M, Niimi K, Miyazaki K Development of a device to determine the stiffness of elastic garments and bandages. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2011; 26:(7)285-291 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2010.010041

Mosti G. Compression therapy in mixed ulcers. JMV-Journal de Médecine Vasculaire. 2018; 43:(4)223-224 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmv.2018.06.004

van der Wegen-Franken K, Tank B, Neumann M. Correlation between the static and dynamic stiffness indices of medical elastic compression stockings. Dermatol Surg. 2008; 34:(11)1477-1485

Partsch H, Clark M, Bassez S Measurement of lower leg compression in vivo: recommendations for the performance of measurements of interface pressure and stiffness: consensus statement. Dermatol Surg. 2006; 32:(2)224-232 https://doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200602000-00010

Van Der Wegen-Franken K, Roest W, Tank B, Neumann M. Calculating the pressure and the stiffness in three different categories of class II medical elastic compression stockings. Dermatol Surg. 2006; 32:(2)216-223 https://doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200602000-00009

Medical Elastic Compression Stockings. 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/51570

Damstra RJ, Partsch H. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of adjustable compression Velcro wraps versus inelastic multicomponent compression bandages in the initial treatment of leg lymphedema. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2013; 1:(1)13-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.05.001

Mosti G, Cavezzi A, Partsch H Adjustable VELCRO® compression devices are more effective than inelastic bandages in reducing venous edema in the initial treatment phase: randomized controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015; 50:(3)368-374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.05.014

Non-active medical devices. Working Group 2 ENV 12718: European pre-standard ‘Medical Compression Hosiery’. CEN TC 205.Brussels: CEN; 2001

Partsch H, Partsch B, Braun W. Interface pressure and stiffness of ready-made compression stockings: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro measurements. J Vasc Surg. 2006; 44:(4)809-814 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.06.024

Medical Compression Hosiery Quality Assurance RAL-GZ 387/1.

Mosti G, Partsch H. Compression stockings with a negative pressure gradient have a more pronounced effect on venous pumping function than graduated elastic compression stockings. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011; 42:(2)261-266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2011.04.023

Mosti G, Partsch H. Improvement of venous pumping function by double progressive compression stockings: higher pressure over the calf is more important than a graduated pressure profile. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014; 47:(5)545-549 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.01.006

Couzan S, Leizorovicz A, Laporte S A randomized double-blind trial of upward progressive versus degressive compressive stockings in patients with moderate to severe chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2012; 56:(5)1344-1350.e1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.02.060

Williams A. A review of the evidence for adjustable compression wrap devices. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:(5)242-247 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.5.242

Lawrence G. Juxta CURES: when is it appropriate?. Wounds Essentials. 2014; 9:(2)30-36

Ehmann S, Bock K. Case report to demonstrate the need for selection criteria for optimal ad-justable Velcro wrap prescription. J Wound Care. 2018; 27:S10-17 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.Sup1.S10

Partsch H. Venous narrowing by compression of the lower extremities: A prerequisite for improving venous hemodynamics. Vasa. 2014; 43:(4)235-237 https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000356

van der Wegen-Franken CP, Tank B, Nijsten T, Neumann H A M. Changes in the pressure and the dynamic stiffness index of medical elastic compression stockings after having been worn for eight hours: a pilot study. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2009; 24:(1)31-37 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2008.008037

Mosti G, Mattaliano V, Partsch H. Inelastic compression increases venous ejection fraction more than elastic bandages in patients with superficial venous reflux. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2008; 23:(6)287-294 https://doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2008.008009

Melhuish JM, Clark M, Williams R, Harding KD. The physics of sub-bandage pressure measurement. J Wound Care. 2000; 9:(7)308-310 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2000.9.7.26001

Thomas S. Measuring sub-bandage pressure. J Wound Care. 2000; 9:(10)491-492

Partsch H. The static stiffness index: a simple method to assess the elastic property of compression material in vivo. Dermatol Surg. 2005; 31:(6)625-630 https://doi.org/10.1097/00042728-200506000-00002

Uhl JF, Benign JP, Cornu-Thernard A. Where should stiffness be measured in vivo. Veins and Lymphatics. 2013; 2:(5)13-16

Stolk R, Wegen van der-Franken CP, Neumann HA. A method for measuring the dynamic behavior of medical compression hosiery during walking. Dermatol Surg. 2004; 30:(5)729-736

Hirai M, Partsch H. The Mannequin-leg: a new instrument to assess stiffness of compression materials. Veins and Lymphatics. 2013; 2:(1) https://doi.org/10.4081/vl.2013.e3

Mosti GB, Mattaliano V. Simultaneous changes of leg circumference and interface pressure under different compression bandages. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007; 33:(4)476-482 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.11.035

Corley GJ, Broderick BJ, Nestor SM, Breen PP, Grace PA, Quondamatteo F The anatomy and physiology of the venous foot pump. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010; 293:(3)370-378 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21085

Broderick BJ, Corley GJ, Quondamatteo F Venous emptying from the foot: influences of weight bearing, toe curls, electrical stimulation, passive compression, and posture. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109:(4)1045-1052 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00231.2010

Partsch B, Partsch H. Calf compression pressure required to achieve venous closure from supine to standing positions. J Vasc Surg. 2005; 42:(4)734-738 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2005.06.030

Breslin JW. Mechanical forces and lymphatic transport. Microvasc Res. 2014; 96:46-54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2014.07.013

Partsch H. Reliable self-application of short stretch leg compression: Pressure measurements under self-applied, adjustable compression wraps. Phlebology. 2018;

Bjork R, Hettrick H. Endothelial glycocalyx layer and interdependence of lymphatic and integumentary systems. Wounds International. 2018; 9:(2)50-55

Bjork R, Hettrick H. Emerging Paradigms Integrating the Lymphatic and Integumentary Systems: Clinical Implications. Wound Care and Hyberbaric Medicine. 2018; 9:(2)15-21

International Lymphemda & wound Training Instutute. https://www.ilwti.com/ (accessed 22 May 2019)

Gerli R, Alessandrini C. Initial lymph vessels of the skin and elastic fibres form an integral morphofunctional structure. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology Archivio italiano di anatomia ed embriologia. 1995; 100:579-87

Swartz MA, Boardman KC The role of interstitial stress in lymphatic function and lymphangiogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002; 979:(1)197-210 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04880.x

Boardman KC, Swartz MA. Interstitial flow as a guide for lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res. 2003; 92:(7)801-808 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000065621.69843.49

Rutkowski JM, Boardman KC, Swartz MA. Characterization of lymphangiogenesis in a model of adult skin regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006; 291:(3) https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00038.2006

Suehiro K, Morikage N, Murakami M Putting a class I stocking over a class I stocking does not make a class II stocking. Ann Vasc Dis. 2012; 5:(4)435-438 https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.12.00037

Partsch H. Compression therapy: clinical and experimental evidence. Ann Vasc Dis. 2012; 5:(4)416-422 https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.ra.12.00068

Aboyans V, Ho E, Denenberg JO The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Vasc Surg. 2008; 48:(5)1197-1203 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.06.005

Andriessen A, Apelqvist J, Mosti G Compression therapy for venous leg ulcers: risk factors for adverse events and complications, contraindications - a review of present guidelines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017; 31:(9)1562-1568 https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14390

2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline) A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.

de Carvalho MR, de Andrade IS, de Abreu AM All about compression: A literature review. J Vasc Nurs. 2016; 34:(2)47-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvn.2015.12.005

Levick JR, Michel CC. Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovasc Res. 2010; 87:(2)198-210 https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvq062

Mortimer PS, Rockson SG. New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease. J Clin Invest. 2014; 124:(3)915-921 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI71608

Földi's textbook of lymphology: for physicians and lymphedema therapists. In: Földi M, Földi E, Strößenreuther R, Kubik S (editors). : Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012

Carlson JA. Lymphedema and subclinical lymphostasis (microlymphedema) facilitate cutaneous infection, inflammatory dermatoses, and neoplasia: A locus minoris resistentiae. Clin Dermatol. 2014; 32:(5)599-615 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.04.007

World Population Ageing 2017 - Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/397). 2017;

Rice JB, Desai U, Cummings AK Burden of venous leg ulcers in the United States. J Med Econ. 2014; 17:(5)347-356 https://doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2014.903258

Eklöf B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: Consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004; 40:(6)1248-1252 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027

Moffatt C, Keeley V, Quéré I. The concept of chronic oedema-a neglected public health issue and an international response–the LIMPRINT study. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019; 17:(2)121-126 https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2018.0085

Keast DH, Moffatt C, Janmohammad A. Lymphedema Impact and Prevalence International Study: The Canadian Data. Lymphat Res Biol. 2019; 17:(2)178-186 https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2019.0014

Rockson SG, Rivera KK. Estimating the population burden of lymphedema. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008; 1131:(1)147-154 https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1413.014

The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2016 consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology. 2016; 49:(4)170-184

Lontok E, Briggs L, Donlan M Lipedema: A giving smarter guide.: A publication of the Milken Institute Center for Strategic Philanthropy; 2017

Dayan E, Kim JN, Smith ML Lipedema—The disease they call FAT: An overview for clinicians. 2017;

Partsch H, Flour M, Smith PC Indications for compression therapy in venous and lymphatic disease consensus based on experimental data and scientific evidence. Under the auspices of the IUP. Int Angiol. 2008; 27:(3)193-219

Partsch H. Pathophysiology of veno-lymphatic interaction in leg ulcers and oedema 2nd Jobst Scientific symposium. 2012;

Partsch H. The Role of Leg compression in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease. 2014; 29:66-70 https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355514528128

Lurie F, Lal BK, Antignani PL, Blebea J Compression therapy after invasive treatment of superficial veins of the lower extremities: Clinical practice guidelines of the American Venous Forum, Society for Vascular Surgery, American College of Phlebology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and International Union of Phlebology. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders. 2019; 7:(1)17-28

S.T.R.I.D.E. Professional Guide to Compression Garment Selection for the Lower Extremity

02 September 2020
Volume 4 · Issue 4

Abstract

An algorithm incorporating both textile characteristic and oedema presentation to optimize medical compression garment selection.

The following supplement is a rare example of a paper that combines clinical experience and theoretical knowledge on textiles used in compression therapy. The authors' intention is to propose a decision support system for choosing specific compression devices, which can be adjusted to counteract the individual signs and symptoms in an optimally adopted way.

The document concentrates on compression devices which can be self-applied by the patients—compression stockings and adjustable wraps. The acronym ‘S.T.R.I.D.E.’, incorporating both textile characteristics and clinical presentation, stands for: Shape, Texture, Refill, Issues, Dosage and Etiology. The intent of the mnemotechnical value is to highlight that successful compression includes more than dosage alone. In addition to dosage, etiology and patient presentation need to be incorporated, including a patient's physical ability to use compression effectively as part of the daily routine, thereby promoting adherence.

The suggested algorithms provide a valuable guide to stride across the important, but still underestimated field of medical compression therapy and will help to put the prescription of a specific product on a more rational basis. Enjoy reading!

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting Wound Central and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for wound care professionals. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Access to clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical updates each month